英语阅读理解解题技巧分析

英伦Harsh

一. 事实询问题

　　此类题型的问题以what、who、which、when、where、how或why等词引导，就文中某句、某段或某一具体细节设问并要求考生回答：如：

　　The Internet can show you a lot of jobs all over the world. If you want to find a job on the Internet, use the words "job search"or"employment"to find the websites you need.

　　（ ）What does the passage tell you to do first if you want to find a job on the Internet?

　　A. To type in "job search"to find the websites.

　　B. To write a good resume.

　　C. To prepare for an interview

　　D. To get an English dictionary

　　这是一道典型的事实询问题，因为它的答案可以直接从文段中找到。根据第二句话，可以得知A为正确答案。

　　解这类题的主要方法是：1. 明确题意。2. 寻找答案来源。3. 找准关键词。4. 反复阅读。

　　二. 推理判断题

　　既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。这类试题常以如下句式发问：

　　What can you conclude（下结论）from this passage?

　　What's the author's attitude（态度）towards...?

　　We can infer from the passage that...

　　Which statement is ( not ) true?

　　做这类题要求考生在阅读同时，抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。其次，对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件中的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步加强理解，抓住实质性的东西。如：

　　Once there was something wrong with a machine in a factory. The workers could do nothing but turn to a German engineer for help, who drew a line on it and said, "Take off the part where the line is and change it for a new one."The machine, with a new line on, began running well again. The engineer then asked for $ 30,000 for what he had done. The following were what he wrote on a bill, "The new part only costs one dollar, and knowing where the problem with the machine is costs $ 29,999."

　　（ ）What can you conclude from this passage?

　　A. the engineer asked for too much money

　　B. the workers should pay the money

　　C. the knowledge is worth money

　　D. the new part could cost more

　　这篇短文是作者讲的一个故事，那么通过这个故事我们可以判断出什么呢？虽然作者没有言明，但是我们可以断定，发现问题的所在需要智慧和知识，知识是创造价值的源泉，因此此题的正确答案应为C。

　　三. 数据推算题

　　此题要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。

　　Visit Swansea Zoo

　　Come and see the Indian elephants and the new tigers from America. The bears are waiting to meet you, and the monkeys from China are waiting to throw things at you. The lovely dogs from Australia are waiting to laugh at you, and the giraffes from Zambia are waiting to look down on you.

　　Tickets Opening time

　　Grown-ups: $ 3 9:00 am --- 4:00 pm

　　Children: Over 122 except Friday

　　Under 12: Free 10:00 am -- 3:00 pm

　　（ ）1. How much does Mr Smith have to pay if he visits the zoo with his sons of fourteen and ten?

　　A. $2.00 b. $5.00 C. $4.00 D. $3.00

　　（ ）2. Which of the following is the visiting time?

　　A. 8:30 am, Wed B. 9:30 am, Fri

　　C. 3:00 pm, Sun D. 4:00 pm, Tue

　　做此类题一要抓住有关的数据，二要从众多的信息中找出那些有用的信息，三要抓住一些关键词。实际上，上述两题都可看作数据推算题，一题是算钱，另一题是算时间。

　　通过阅读我们发现布告中的所有数据都是有用的，那么关键词是：grown-ups, children, over 12, under 12, opening time, except Friday。第一题中Mr Smith是成人，须买3块钱的门票，他一个14岁的儿子需买2块钱的门票，另一个不满12岁的儿子可免票，所以Mr Smith先生需花5块钱，B是正确答案。第二题C是正确答案。

　　四. 主旨大意题

　　此类题型用以考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解。如：

　　What does the passage mainly talk about?

　　What is the main idea of this passage?

　　What does the writer want to tell us?

　　What is the best title of this passage?

　　每一篇文章都有它的主题句，而每一个段落也各有主题句，它一般都用来表示一篇文章或一个段落的主旨大意。因此，找出文章和各段落的主题句（往往为第一句或最后一句）是解题的关键。抓住了主题句，文章的最佳标题也就不难确定了。如：推理判断题哪一节中的例文我们给它起个什么标题好呢？我们在它后面再加上一段话：

　　One dollar for changing a new part sounds reasonable（合理的）, but the $ 29,999 is exactly the value of wisdom and knowledge.

　　（ ）The best title for the passage should be ________ .

　　A. The Value of Knowledge

　　B. Helpless Workers

　　C. The Expensive Machine

　　D. The Lucky Factory

　　文中的最后一句是整篇文章的主题句，也就是文章的标题，即：The Value of Knowledge"知识的价值"，A为正确答案。

　　五. 经验常识题

　　此类题主要是考查中学生应有的多项综合知识，包括：社会、天文、史地、科普及生活常识等。此类题往往与文章没有直接关系，学生只能凭自己的常识进行判断，然后做出符合规律的正确选择。如：

　　（ ）We can guess when a giraffe sees a tiger ______ .

　　A. it will run away as fast as possible

　　B. it will run to eat the tiger

　　C. it will make the tiger bring it something to eat

　　D. it will make one of the smallest animals bring the tiger something to eat

　　这就是一道考查常识的题，长颈鹿看到老虎当然是尽快跑开，故A是正确答案。

　　六. 任务型阅读

　　任务型阅读是近几年随着任务型教学出现的新题型，它往往集中了上面所述的几种题，以看图或阅读文章填表，填空等形式出现。要求考生通过阅读完成所给任务。考查学生对图表或文章的理解程度以及表达自己观点的能力。请看下例：根据题目要求完成任务。（2004，北京海淀）

　　假如你正在为一些中国学生做导游，参观，游览英国伦敦的一个公园。请你根据下面公园的示意图，为他们说明a、b、c、d四项公园规则。（请写关键信息，句式不限。）

　　例：No recorders, please.

　　62. Sign a: ________________________

　　Sign b: ___________________________

　　63. Sign c :_________________________

　　Sign d: ____________________________

　　这道题让考生辨认图标，是一道常识和识图解意相结合的题，同时也是读写结合题。通过考生所写文字判断他对图的认识程度和根据语言功能造句的能力。本题答案如下：

　　Sina a: Don't play football here!

　　Sign b: No bikes here!

　　Sign c: Don't throw bottles into the lake

　　Sign d: No swimming!

　　近年来，阅读理解在中考英语试题中的比分越来越大，不少省份的阅读理解占到了总分的30％，阅读量一般都升至四篇，难度在不断加深，题型也在不断翻新。中考阅读理解短文的题材广泛，包括：政治、经济、文学、史地、社会生活、科普知识、人物传记等。体裁以叙述文、议论文、说明文、应用文为主。叙述文描述人或事及相关情景的发生和发展经过。说明文是对事物现象的说明或解释。议论文论证某一观点是否正确，由论点、论据与论证构成。应用文以广告为主。中考阅读理解题主要考查考生对单词、词组、语法、句型、惯用法的综合运用及其英语思维的能力。其文段长度一般为200－300单词，生词率不超过3％，要求考生阅读速度为每分钟50－70个词。

　　二. 完形填空

　　完形填空是关于语言总体理解的一种测试形式，是典型的"智能混合"题型，它融单项选择与阅读理解为一体，涉及到词汇、语法、逻辑推理等各种知识。对于这类题目，要求学生知识面要广，要有比较扎实的基本功；要掌握大量的单词、词组和习语，了解他们的各种变化形式和用法；要有坚实的语法基础，熟练掌握和运用动词的时态、语态及句子结构的能力。除此之外，还要有较强的语感，能够根据上下文的语境进行猜测，推断，作出正确的选择。其考查点有：

　　能够掌握足够的词汇量，正确运用词类和词语的习惯搭配。包括名词、代词、冠词、动词等词类和短语。

　　基础语法知识。包括句法、固定搭配、句型、词语习惯用法、时态、语态、主从复合句和非限定动词等。

　　还应具有一定的语言运用能力、阅读能力、理解能力、综合分析能力和逻辑判断能力。

　　（1）以语篇为载体，测试语言知识和语言能力。试题既考查学生对短文的整体理解能力，也考查学生运用语法知识、词汇知识的能力以及对事物的逻辑推理、分析判断能力。

　　（2）以意义填空为主。试题在着重考查考生阅读理解能力的前提下，兼顾对语言知识、常识、逻辑推理能力的考查。

　　（3）降低对单词本身词义的考查要求，注重考查对全文意义的理解。中考完形填空预备选项中所涉及的词汇基本上都是常见的初级词汇。

　　（4）考点分布符合考查目的。试题以名词、动词、形容词和副词等信息词汇为考查重点，淡化对介词、连词、冠词等结构词的考查，以检测学生在具体情境中灵活运用所学知识的能力。所设空白处，名词、动词、形容词、副词和代词这五类词共占80％。

　　（5）有的采用主观试题形式。有些完形填空题全部舍弃了学生们平时接触较多的"四选一"形式，而改之以"自由完形填空"形式，除了要求填入单词外，有的还设置了要求填入词组或短语的空格。

　　（一）题型介绍

　　完形填空是各类英语试题中固定而重要的题型。这种题型归纳起来有如下特点：

　　1. 在整份试卷中所占的分值较重，占10－15分，长度一般在130－200个单词左右。

　　2. 降低了对单词本身的考查要求，重点考查考生对短文的整体理解，上下文的段落衔接，理解分析及推理判断能力。

　　3. 针对初中学生的实际水平，一般采用以故事为主的记叙文，尽量避免专业性太强的文章或议论文体。近年来出现了以意义选择为主，语法选择逐渐减少的趋势。

　　完形填空有多种形式，但它在基本设计原则上都是一致的。形式都是从短文中抽去若干词，让考生根据上下文填入适当的词，为了有助于考生填入适当的词，可以提供四个答案（其中包括一个正确答案），让考生选出正确的答案；也可以给出单词首字母进行完形填空，或者给出字母及单词长度（由几个字母组成）；也可以不给考生提供任何线索，完全凭借考生对文章的理解和现有的语言能力完成。

　　完形填空要求学生不仅要会运用自己学过的词汇和语法知识妥善地处理好每个单词，理解句意，还要处理好单句之间以及单句与全文之间的内在关系，选出适当的词填空，使文章完整与通顺。

　　完形填空题要求填入的词主要有：构成各种时态和用法区别的动词及短语动词；名词和介词；根据上下文意思及结构必须填入的形容词、副词、代词和连词；同义词、近义词等易混词。考查以实词为主，兼顾虚词和语法结构、难点主要集中在根据上下文正确判断词的用法上。

　　1. 选择型完形填空

　　2. 短文缺词填空

　　（二）解题指导

　　1. 选择型完形填空解题方法

　　完形填空对考生的能力要求比较高。要顺利解答这类考题，必须要有扎实的语言基础知识和综合运用所学英语知识的能力以及一定的分析、推理判断能力。还应熟悉各种体裁、题材的文章，具有一定的语感和快速阅读能力。

　　完整填空：一般在文中的第一句和最后一句不会挖空。主要涉及到动词、名词（含代词）、形容词、副词、介词、连词也常出现。做完形填空题要注意整体性原则，强调对文章整体的理解。就内容而言，它又有前因后果、地点、时间、人物等要素。所以，第一步应通读全文，了解大意。其次注意词与词、句与句、主句与分句之间的连贯性与衔接性。因此，在做题时必须始终注意上下文之间，词与词之间从意义到语法上的合理搭配。诚然，弄懂第一句和最后一句也事关全局。与此同时，还不可忽略文中的过渡词。

　　在解题时可按以下步骤和方法进行。

　　（1）通读全文，了解大意。

　　通读全文时，跳过空格快速阅读，弄清文章的基本含义。先快速阅读全文，可使我们对文章的整体结构和中心思想有个基本的了解。有利于进一步把握全文所讲内容，篇章结构，时态语态的变化，为后面的答题创造条件，但通读宜粗、直、快。切忌看一句做一句，看一空填一空，断章取意，那会进入误区，即使所填答案符合本句要求，也未必符合全文的要求。通读的目的仅在于掌握大意，切不可把宝贵的时间浪费在个别字句的推敲上。

　　（2）重视首句的开篇启示作用

　　完形填空所采用的短文一般不给标题，但短文的首句通常用以点明短文的性质，如叙事、议论等，这是我们探索短文全貌的"窗口"，可以以首句的时态、语态为立足点进行思考，判断文章的体裁，推测全文的大意及主题，所以应该重视首句的启示作用。

　　（3）抓住关键词，根据上下文解题

　　解题时，要遵循忠于全文大意和主题这一原则，联系上下文展开逻辑推理分析，要迅速找出那些在短文中起重要作用的关键词，了解所提问题的特定语境，语篇中的内在关系。

　　在解题过程中，应遵循"先易后难"的原则，遇到个别难题不易判断时，可先跳过去，去解决那些靠上下文能确定的，比较直接明确的问题，随着下文的展开和文章的深入，或许在前面难以判断的题，下文就有暗示，甚至有明确的表示。因此，在选择答案时，应特别注意联系前后句，充分利用上下文为确定答案提供有用信息。

　　（4）重读全文，验证答案

　　在全部空格补全以后，一定要根据填好的答案重读全文，看文章是否流畅，前后是否矛盾，语法结构是否无误。如果发现哪些地方读起来不流畅，那就说明那里有毛病，就要进行仔细推敲，验证。

　　总之，解答完形填空题，不仅需要扎实的语言基本功与严密的逻辑推理能力，还需要加强阅读训练，掌握正确的解题方法和技巧，只有这样，才能在考试时得心应手，考出好成绩。

　　2. 短文缺词填空解题步骤

　　短文缺词填空是要求学生在正确理解和把握文章意思的基础上通过分析行文线索来填写空缺单词的一种考查形式，它是考查学生综合运用英语思维能力的一种有效方法。要完成好这类题，做到事半功倍，需要掌握一定的方法与技巧。

　　（1）从全局把握文章大意

　　要填的单词肯定是在一定的语言环境中才能确定，只有把握全局才能有主导方向，才能有助于正确理解空缺词所在的句子，从而缩小词意的选择范围。

　　（2）从语法上加以把握

　　一般的空缺词都可以通过其所在的句型结构和句法成分来判断其词性，这样可以缩小词的选择范围。

　　（3）从行文上确定词的形式

　　当确定一个单词的词性后可通过其上下文来帮助判断其形式，如动词的第三人称单数形式，过去式、过去分词、现在分词、名词的单复数、代词的各种所有格及单复数，形容词的比较级与最高级等。

　　（4）通读全文，验证答案。

　　填完所有单词后，不可孤立地逐个词检查，而必须将所有填入的词代入文章中，复读全文，仔细检查所填词是否符合文章的情景内容，读起来是否流畅，合乎句法，单词拼写是否有误，单词形式是否正确等，发现问题及时更正。通过再读全文，很可能利用语感将个别特别难的空处顺口"读"出来

英伦Harsh

模拟试题】（答题时间：120分钟）

　　阅读理解练习：

　　（一）

　　Hi, Louis!

　　I'm writing to tell you something about the customs and festivals.

　　Everyone loves holidays since one doesn't need to go to school or work. Although all holidays mean no school and work, but not all of them are the same. On some of them you go out with friends; on others you stay home to eat, talk, and have fun with your family. For example in the U.S., everyone thinks New Year's Eve and New Year are both for partying with friends. Christmas is the time to stay home and exchange gifts with family members. The opposite is true in Japan though. For example, in Japan, New Year is for spending time with the family to eat, talk, have fun, and go to the temples. But Christmas is for boy and girl friends to go out and exchange gifts. Originally Christmas should be to celebrate the birth of Christ.

　　I have been interested in foreign customs since I was little. If you learn these different holiday customs, you will learn about different histories and cultures. This is much more interesting than learning them at the library from morning to evening.

　　Love,

　　Sue

　　根据短文内容，判断正误。正确的用"T"表示，错误的用"F"表示。

　　1. Usually, nobody goes to school or works during holidays.

　　2. Christmas is the time to stay home to eat, talk and have fun with the family.

　　3. All the countries have the same way to celebrate the holidays.

　　4. Being interested in foreign customs means being interested in different histories and cultures.

　　5. This passage is about the customs and holidays in Japan.

　　（二）

　　Can dolphins talk? Maybe they can't talk with words, but they talk with sounds. They show their feelings with sounds.

　　Dolphins travel in a group. We call a group of fish a "school". They don't study, but they travel together.

　　Dolphins talk to the other dolphins in the school. They give information. They tell when they are happy or sad or afraid. They say "welcome"when a dolphin comes back to the school. They talk when they play.

　　They make a few sounds above water. They make many more sounds under water. People cannot hear these sounds because they are very, very high. Scientists make tapes of the sounds and study them.

　　Sometimes people catch a dolphin for a large aquarium（水族馆）. People can watch the dolphins in a show. Dolphins don't like to be away from their school in an aquarium. They are sad and lonely（孤独的）.

　　There are many stories about dolphins. They help people. Sometimes they save somebody's life. Dolphin meat is good, but people don't like to kill them. They say that dolphins bring good luck. Many people believe this.

　　1. Dolphins show their feelings with ___________ .

　　A. pictures B. words C. water D. sounds

　　2. People can't hear the dolphin's sounds because ________ .

　　A. they are above the water

　　B. they are under the water

　　C. they are very high

　　D. they are very low

　　3. Which one is true according to the passage?

　　A. Dolphins swim together in a school because they want to study

　　B. They don't study, but they travel in a group

　　C. Dolphins like to be away from their school on an island.

　　D. Dolphins like to kill people

　　（三）

　　1. You are 26 years old and want to be a teacher. You should apply to ________ .

　　A. Capes Taxi, 17 Palace Road, Roston

　　B. Recruitment Office, Southern Airlines, Heathrow Airport West, HR 37KK

　　C. the Director of Studies, Instant Languages Ltd., 279 Canal Street. Roston.

　　D. a private language school.

　　2. What stops Jack, an experienced taxi driver, working for Capes Taxis.

　　A. Fond of beer and wine.

　　B. Punished（处罚）for driving too fast and wrong parking.

　　C. Unable to speak a foreign language.

　　D. Not having college education.

　　3. Ben, aged 22, fond of swimming and driving, has just finished college. Which job might be given to him?

　　A. Driving for Capes Taxi

　　B. Working for Southern Airlines

　　C. Teaching at Instant Languages Ltd.

　　D. Working for Northern Airlines.

　　4. What prevents（阻止）Mary, aged 25, from becoming an air hostess

　　A. She once broke a traffic law and was fined

　　B. She can't speak Japanese very well.

　　C. She has never worked as an air hostess before

　　D. She doesn't feel like working long hours flying abroad.

　　5. Which of the following is NOT talked about in the three advertisements?

　　A. Whether he or she is married

　　B. Whether they are men or women

　　C. Their education

　　D. The ages

　　（四）

　　All my friends at school smoked. My dad smoked; he didn't want me to smoke but my friends kept saying I was stupid. They asked when I was going to grow up. So I started when I was sixteen and after a month I couldn't stop. But two years later I could feel what smoking was doing to me. I couldn't run far, and I coughed every morning. I got very ill and decided to stop. It wasn't easy, but now I've done it, and I feel better. Now I have money for other things.

　　If you smoke, you are twice as likely to die from a heart attack. And the more you smoke, the earlier the heart attack is likely to be. For example, a 50-year-old who smokes more than 20 cigarettes a day, is four times more likely to have heart disease than a non-smoker of the same age.

　　What does smoking do to the heart? First of all, it makes the heart beat faster and increases the blood pressure. The cigarette smoke also reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood. Consequently, the heart has to work harder, with less oxygen. Finally, your arteries will narrow faster if you smoke.

　　So if you want to reduce your chances of getting heart disease, the answer is easy -- not to smoke. Don't copy your friends and other people who smoke. If you smoke, find out how to stop. Stopping isn't easy, but you'll be healthier, and ....

　　1. Who is more likely to have heart disease?

　　A. A smoker

　　B. A non-smoker

　　C. A 50-year-old person

　　2. What does the writer think of smoking?

　　A. It is good for his health

　　B. Smoking is bad for him

　　C. Is it neither good nor bad for his heath

　　3. What happens after the writer stopped smoking?

　　A. He becomes rich

　　B. He has more friends

　　C. He becomes healthier and has money to do other things.

　　（五）

　　New York is one of the most exciting cities in the world.

　　You might want to do some shopping in New York. Fifth Avenue is probably New York's most famous shopping street, but if you go, be prepared to "window shop"only. This is shopping for the rich. There are other, less expensive shopping areas nearby, and you'll soon come across famous stores such as Bloomingdales, Macy's and FAO Schwartz.

　　And if you've brought your rollerblades, then a visit to Central Park is a must. This is a large, open park right in the middle of Manhattan, but if you thought that people came here to relax, sit down for a few minutes and get away from the rush of New York life, then you'd be wrong. Nobody sits in Central Park: they run, jog（慢跑）, and most of all they rollerblade.

　　When you leave New York, you might be tired, even poor and overweight, but the one thing you won't be is bored!

　　根据短文内容，回答问题。

　　1. Why would you probably only "window shop"in Fifth Avenue?

　　_____________________________________________________________

　　2. What do some waiters and waitresses in New York wear on their feet?

　　_____________________________________________________________

　　3. What don't people do in Central Park?

　　_____________________________________________________________

　　（六）

　　In the USA, there are many types of restaurants. Fast food restaurants are very famous. You can find McDonald's and Kentucky Fried Chicken in many countries around the world. You look at a menu above the counter, and say what you'd like to eat. You pay the person who serves you. You take your food and sit down or take it away. There's no need to leave a tip.

　　In a coffee shop you sit at the counter or at a table. You don't wait for the waitress to show you where to sit. She usually brings you coffee when you sit down. You tell her what you'd like to eat and she brings it to you. You pay the cashier as you leave. A diner is like a coffee shop but usually looks like a railway carriage.

　　In a family restaurant the atmosphere is casual, but the waitress shows you where to sit. Often the waitress tells you her name, but you don't need to tell her yours. If you don't eat everything, your waitress gives you a doggy bag to take your food home. You add an extra fifteen percent to the bill as a tip.

　　In top class restaurants, you need a reservation and you need to arrive on time. The waiter shows you where to sit. If you have wine, he may ask you to taste it. You can only refuse it if it tastes bad, not if you don't like it. When you get your bill, check it and then add fifteen to twenty percent to it as a tip for the waiter.

　　1. counter柜台 2. tip小费

　　3. carriage火车车厢 4. casual随意的

　　5. percent百分之…… 6. reservation预定

　　7. refuse拒绝

　　1. There are ______ types of restaurants here.

　　A. three B. four C. five D. six

　　2. We should sit ______ in a coffee shop.

　　A. near the door B. in the corner

　　C. at a counter D. on the floor

　　3. In what kind of restaurant does the waitress often tell you her name?

　　A. In a top class restaurant B. In a fast food restaurant

　　C. In a coffee shop D. In a family restaurant

　　4. How much do you need to tip in a top class restaurant?

　　A. Ten percent B. Fifteen percent

　　C. Thirty percent D. Forty percent

　　（七）

　　If you ask Daniel Radcliffe who acted Harry Potter to pick a special moment from the last year of his life, you will find it almost impossible. "Oh, wow, that's really difficult," he says with a smile.

　　"There have been so many things, so many memories that at times it's hard to recall them all," says Daniel. "But I guess one of the best ones was the London premiere for Tbe Pbilosopber's Stone. It was just amazing, one of the best nights of my life."

　　"But I've had such a great time doing Tbe Cbamber of Secrets. I love doing the work. I love meeting new people and being part of the team. It's been great."

　　Daniel has changed. He turned 14 in July, 2002. He is taller, his voice is deeper and his frame is filling out as he begins his teenage years, and he has become an excellent actor, too.

　　Daniel was born in London where his father, Alan, worked as an agent and his mother, Marcia, as a casting director, and both have been an essential guiding influence on their only child.

　　1. impossible不可能的 2. recall回忆

　　3. premiere首映 4. amazing令人惊异的

　　5. the Chamber of Secrets《密室》 6. agent经纪人

　　7. casting director负责物色演员的人 8. essential极为重要的

　　根据短文内容，判断正误。正确的用"T"表示，错误的用"F"表示

　　1. Daniel Radcliff is fifteen years old in 2003.

　　2. Daniel didn't have many special moments in 2002.

　　3. One of his best memories was the London premiere for 7 Pbilosopber's Stone.

　　4. Daniel likes making friends.

　　5. Daniel's father is an agent in America.