谓语动词的时态和语态以及人称和数是谓语动词的三大特征。动词语态分为主动和被动两种。 1.主动语态的形式和意义: 主动语态句子结构是:施动者作主语+谓语动词do,表示“某人某物做。。。”。
2.被动语态句子结构是:受动者作主语+谓语动词 be done,表示“某人某物被。。。。。。”。不及物动词是没有被动语态的。被动语态中的be在不同时态中形式不同,下面在时态中会得到讨论。
陈述语气的谓语动词时态的形式和意义: 1)一般现在时态 (1)形式: ①主动: 肯定:动词原形或动词原形+s/es;be (三单is,一单am,其余人称和数are)+表语。 否定和疑问式:用助动词do(第三人称单数为does) 或连系动词be帮助构成。 We live here. Do you live here? We don’t live here. Where is she? Is she in? She isn't in. ②被动:is / am / are+动词-ed分词。否定疑问略。 (2)意义: ①表示不受时间限制的永恒客观存在或客观规律。如: Nothing travels faster than light. Knowledge derives from practice. ②包括当前的一定时间段内比较稳定的状态或习惯。常与every day, always,等频度状语连用。如: John always wakes up at six. Father doesn’t smoke as much as before. ③表示说话时的状态,一般用于状态动词(不能用现在进行时态)。如: It concerns everybody. 它关系到所有人。 She loves this music. ④表示将来时间: A.按时间表将要发生的动作或事态(不强调是主语的意图,指照时间计划执行)。如: The train leaves for Shanghai at ten p.m. tonight.(火车时刻表规定)这趟火车今晚十点开往上海。 We start next week.(时间计划安排好了)我们下周动身。 B.用在时间、条件等状语从句中表示将来。如: We will go and help to get in the crops when the harvest time comes. If it is fine tomorrow, we will have the football match. 2)现在进行时态: (1)形式: ①主动:肯定is / am / are +doing;否定疑问略。 ②被动:肯定is / am / are +being +done;否定疑问略。 (2)意义: 状态动词一般不能用于现在进行时态。 ①表示说话时正在进行的动作。可用时间状语now, at the moment等。如: What are you doing? I’m writing a letter. ②表示现阶段正进行而说话时刻不一定进行的动作。如: He is teaching physics this term. ③表示按计划、安排很快就会发生的动作,通常要与将来时间状语连用,以示和正在发生的动作的区别。如:He is washing the dishes later. = He is going to wash… I’m painting the wall tomorrow afternoon. = I’m going to paint… 但:We are going/coming to Shanghai tomorrow.不能说 We’re going to go / come to Shanghai… ④含有感情色彩的叙述一个经常发生的行为,常和continually, constantly, forever, always等状语连用。如: John is always asking me some stupid questions.(恼火) 而 John always asks me some stupid questions.(客观事实) 3)现在完成时态: (1)形式: ①主动:肯定式:have / has(三单) + done。否定疑问略。 ②被动:肯定式:have/ has been +done。否定疑问略。 (2)意义: 现在完成时态是和现在有关的时态。 ①已完成用法:表示发生在过去的动作行为对现在造成的影响或结果。这种用法多用于瞬间性动词。它不关注此动作过去发生的细节(时间、地点、方式、环境等),关注的是现在的情况,因此不能与和具体过去时间短语(yesterday, last week, …ago, then, at that moment, in the past等)连用,但可以和以下时间状语连用: A.模糊的过去时间,它们和现在结果有关。如:just(刚刚已经), already, yet , recently和lately。 Have you eaten yet? (= Are you hungry?) He’s just turned off the light.(= The light is off now.) B.表示现在或说话时还未结束的时段,如:now, this morning / afternoon…, tonight, today, since+过去时点, so far等。(但如果this mornig / afternoon / evening说话时已经过去,就不能用现在完成时,而要用一般过去时。) Has he come this morning? 到现在为止的早晨这段时间他来了没有? I’ve had many falls since I began to ride a bike.(现在结果:我还在骑车。到现在已经摔过很多次了。) ②未完成用法:过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作/状态,可能还要延续,也可能刚刚结束。注意点:A. 要用延续性动词,但否定可以用瞬间性动词。 B.要用表示延续到现在的时间段状语,如:for+时段(有时不表示延续到现在的时段,则不能用现在完成时),since+过去时点,so far, until / till now, up to now, during / for / in / over + the past / last / recent +时段。如: Where have you been?Ihave waited here since 8 a.m. (wait动作刚刚结束。) Look at the busy cleaners! They’ve worked in the wind for quite a few hours.(work动作还要延续) I’ve taught English in this school for / during / in / over the past / last / recent 10 years.
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